|
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) is an agency of federal government within the U.S. Department of the Interior which is dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency is "working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people." The leader of the FWS is the director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Daniel M. Ashe, of Maryland, who was confirmed on June 30, 2011, succeeding Sam Hamilton.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.fws.gov/offices/biodanielash.html )〕 Among the service's responsibilities are enforcing federal wildlife laws, protecting endangered species, managing migratory birds, restoring nationally significant fisheries, conserving and restoring wildlife habitat, such as wetlands, helping foreign governments with their international conservation efforts, and distributing money to states' fish and wildlife agencies through the Wildlife Sport Fish and Restoration program. Units within the FWS include: * National Wildlife Refuge System (over 560 National Wildlife Refuges and thousands of small wetlands and other special management areas covering over 150 million acres) * Division of Migratory Bird Management * Federal Duck Stamp * National Fish Hatchery System (70 National Fish Hatcheries and 65 Fishery Resource Offices) * Endangered Species program (86 Ecological Services Field Stations) * United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement * Clark R. Bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory * (Landscape Conservation Cooperatives ) The vast majority of fish and wildlife habitat is on non-federal lands. Therefore, the Fish and Wildlife Agency works closely with private groups such as The Partners for Fish and Wildlife, Partners in Flight, Sport Fishing and The Boating Partnership Council, to assist voluntary habitat conservation and restoration. The FWS employs approximately 9,000 people at facilities across the U.S. The FWS consists of a central administrative office (in Arlington, VA) with eight regional offices and nearly 700 field offices distributed throughout the United States. ==History== The USFWS originated in 1871 as the United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries, more commonly referred to as the United States Fish Commission, created by the United States Congress with the purpose of studying and recommending solutions to a noted decline in the stocks of food fish. Spencer Fullerton Baird was appointed its first commissioner. In 1903, the Fish Commission was reorganized as the United States Bureau of Fisheries. In 1885–1886, the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy (in 1885 it was the Section of Economic Ornithology)〔(USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: Biological Survey Unit History )〕 was established within the United States Department of Agriculture. In 1896 it became the Division of Biological Survey. Its early work focused on the effect of birds in controlling agricultural pests and mapping the geographical distribution of plants and animals in the United States. Clinton Hart Merriam headed the Bureau for 25 years and became a national figure for improving the scientific understanding of birds and mammals in the United States. Jay Norwood Darling was appointed Chief of the new Bureau of Biological Survey in 1934; the same year Congress passed the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA), one of the oldest federal environmental review statutes.〔Rosenberg, Ronald H. and Olson, Allen H., ''Federal Environmental Review Requirements Other than NEPA: The Emerging Challenge'' (1978). CLEVELAND STATE LAW REVIEW (27: 195. 1978 ) FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW. In (Faculty Publications. Paper 672. ) College of William and Mary Law School〕 Under Darling's guidance, the Bureau began an ongoing legacy of protecting vital natural habitat throughout the country. The USFWS was finally created in 1940, when the Bureaus of Fisheries and Biological Survey were combined after being moved to the Department of the Interior. Pursuant to the eagle feather law, Title 50, Part 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR 22), and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service administers the National Eagle Repository and the permit system for Native American religious use of eagle feathers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=National Eagle Repository )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Eagle Parts for Native American Religious Purposes )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Title 50 Part 22 Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR 22)] )〕 The Service governs five National Monuments; Hanford Reach National Monument in Washington state; Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, a huge maritime area in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands (jointly with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the State of Hawaii); Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, the largest marine protected area in the world〔http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/25/presidential-proclamation-pacific-remote-islands-marine-national-monumen〕 (in consultation with NOAA; the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument in American Samoa (with NOAA and the American Samoan Government)), and the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument including undersea mud volcanoes, vents, chemosynthetic organisms, and much of the deepest points on Earth (in coordination of management with NOAA and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United States Fish and Wildlife Service」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|